Search results

Title: Characterization of microsatellite loci in the European green crab (Carcinus maenas),
Description: Carcinus maenas (Decapoda: Portunidae) has proven a highly successful invasive marine species whose potential economic and ecological impacts are of great concern worldwide. Here, we characterize 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci in C. maenas and its sister species Carcinus aestuarii. These markers will prove useful for fine-scale genetic analyses of native and introduced populations, for assessment of the sources and routes of invasion and for evaluation of post-invasion population dynamics. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Cited By (since 1996):14, Invertebrates, CODEN: MENOC, ,
Author: Tepolt, Bagley, Geller, Blum
Date: 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Genetic patterns across multiple introductions of the globally invasive crab genus Carcinus,
Description: The European green crab Carcinus maenas is one of the world's most successful aquatic invaders, having established populations on every continent with temperate shores. Here we describe patterns of genetic diversity across both the native and introduced ranges of C. maenas and its sister species, C. aestuarii, including all known non-native populations. The global data set includes sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, as well as multilocus genotype data from nine polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci. Combined phylogeographic and population genetic analyses clarify the global colonization history of C. maenas, providing evidence of multiple invasions to Atlantic North America and South Africa, secondary invasions to the northeastern Pacific, Tasmania, and Argentina, and a strong likelihood of C. maenas x C. aestuarii hybrids in South Africa and Japan. Successful C. maenas invasions vary broadly in the degree to which they retain genetic diversity, although populations with the least variation typically derive from secondary invasions or from introductions that occurred more than 100 years ago., Cited By (since 1996):54, CODEN: MOECE, ,
Author: Darling, Bagley, Roman, Tepolt, Geller
Date: 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: A review of apparent 20th century changes in the presence of mussels (Mytilus trossulus) and macroalgae in Arctic, Alaska, and of historical and paleontological evidence used to relate mollusc distributions to climate change
Description: Live mussels attached to fresh laminarioid brown algae, all fastened to clusters of pebbles and small cobbles, were repeatedly cast ashore by autumn storms at Barrow, Alaska, in the 1990s. Specimens of Laminaria saccharina and L. solidungula shorten by 100 km a 500 km gap (Peard Bay to Stefansson Sound) between previously known concentrations of these kelp species. For the genus Mytilus, a 1 600 km gap in fully documented locations existed between Kivalina in the southern Chukchi Sea and the Mackenzie River delta. Barrow specimens were identified using a mitochondrial DNA marker as M. trossulus, an identity consistent with dispersal from the Pacific-Bering side of the Arctic. Live mussels and macroalgae were neither washed up by storms nor collected by active biological sampling during extensive benthic surveys at Barrow in 1948-50. We cannot interpret the current presence of these bivalves and macrophytes as Arctic range extensions due to warming, similar to those manifested by the tree line in terrestrial systems and by Pacific salmon in marine environments. Supplemental information and critical evaluation of survey strategies and rationales indicate that changes in sea temperatures are an unlikely cause. Alternative explanations focus on past seafloor disturbances, dispersal from marine or estuarine refugia, and effects of predators on colonists. This review suggests refining some interpretations of environmental change that are based on the extensive resource of Cenozoic fossils of Arctic molluscs., Cited By (since 1996):16, CODEN: ATICA, Invertebrates
Author: Feder, Norton, Geller
Date: 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Assessing mercury exposure and biomarkers in largemouth bass (Micropterus Salmoides) from a contaminated river system in California
Description: We evaluated mercury (Hg) exposure and two biomarkers, metallothionein (MT) gene expression and histopathological alterations in a wild fish species, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), collected from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, CA, a region polluted with Hg from historic mining activities. Hg is highly toxic and can disrupt multiple physiological systems in vertebrate species, including the immune system. Total mercury (THg) concentration in muscle tissue ranged from 0.12 to 0.98 ppm (wet weight) and was not related to body condition (r 2 = 0.005, p = 0.555). Using linear regression analysis, we found a positive relationship between MT gene expression (as determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and copper, zinc, manganese, aluminum, and nickel (decreased to one variable by way of principal component analysis) (r 2 = 0.379, p = 0.044), a negative relationship with selenium (r 2 = 0.487, p = 0.017), and a weak, negative relationship with THg concentrations (r 2 = 0.337, p = 0.061). Juvenile largemouth bass collected from Hg-contaminated areas displayed histopathological features of immunosuppression compared with those collected from less contaminated areas as evidenced by significantly lower macrophage density in kidney and liver tissue (p = 0.018 and 0.020, respectively), greater trematode density in liver tissue (p = 0.014), and a greater number of adult trematodes. Our results suggest that largemouth bass may be experiencing sublethal effects from chronic Hg exposure. Furthermore, our findings illustrate the utility of examining multiple sublethal markers of effect to assess the impacts of contaminant exposure on physiological function in wild species. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media New York., Fish and Fisheries, CODEN: AECTC
Author: Gehringer, Finkelstein, Coale, Stephenson, Geller
Date: 2013-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: FISH-Flow: A quantitative molecular approach for describing mixed clade communities of Symbiodinium
Description: Our understanding of reef corals and their fate in a changing climate is limited by our ability to monitor the diversity and abundance of the dinoflagellate endosymbionts that sustain them. This study combined two well-known methods in tandem: fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for genotype-specific labeling of Symbiodinium and flow cytometry to quantify the abundance of each symbiont clade in a sample. This technique (FISH-Flow) was developed with cultured Symbiodinium representing four distinct clades (based on large subunit rDNA) and was used to distinguish and quantify these types with high efficiency and few false positives. This technique was also applied to freshly isolated symbionts of Orbicella faveolata and Orbicella annularis. Isolates from acutely bleached coral tissues had significantly lower labeling efficiency; however, isolates from healthy tissue had efficiencies comparable to cultured Symbiodinium trials. RNA degradation in bleaching samples may have interfered with labeling of cells. Nevertheless, we were able to determine that, with and without thermal stress, experimental columns of the coral O. annularis hosted a majority of clade B and B/C symbionts on the top and side of the coral column, respectively. We demonstrated that, for cultured Symbiodinium and Symbiodinium freshly isolated from healthy host tissues, the relative ratio of clades could be accurately determined for clades present at as low as 7 % relative abundance. While this method does not improve upon PCR-based techniques in identifying clades at background levels, FISH-Flow provides a high precision, flexible system for targeting, quantifying and isolating Symbiodinium genotypes of interest. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Author: McIlroy, Smith, Geller
Date: 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: European green crabs (Carcinus maenas) in the Northeastern Pacific,
Description: Aim The European green crab (Carcinus maenas) expanded dramatically after its introduction to the west coast of North America, spreading over 1000 km in < 10 years. We use samples of Carcinus maenas collected over time and space to investigate the genetic patterns underlying the species' initial establishment and spread, and discuss our findings in the context of the species' life history characteristics and demography. Location The central west coast of North America, encompassing California, Oregon, and Washington (USA) and British Columbia (Canada). Methods We collected 1040 total samples from 21 sites representing the major episodes of population establishment and expansion along the west coast of North America. Microsatellite markers were used to assess genetic diversity and structure at different time points in the species' spread, to investigate connectivity between embayments and to estimate both short-term effective population sizes and the number of original founders. Assignment testing was performed to determine the likely source of the introduction. Results Carcinus maenas in western North America likely derived from a single introduction of a small number of founders to San Francisco Bay, CA from the east coast of North America. Throughout its western North American range, the species experiences periodic migration between embayments, resulting in a minor loss of genetic diversity in more recently established populations versus the populations in the area of initial establishment. Main conclusions Low genetic diversity has not precluded the ability of C. maenas to successfully establish and spread on the west coast of North America. An efficient oceanographic transport mechanism combined with highly conducive life history traits are likely the major drivers of C. maenas spread. Evidence for a single introduction underscores the potential utility of early detection and eradication of high-risk invasive species. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Cited By (since 1996):9, Invertebrates, CODEN: DIDIF, ,
Author: Tepolt, Darling, Bagley, Geller, Blum, Grosholz
Date: 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Genetic and historical evidence disagree on likely sources of the Atlantic amethyst gem clam Gemma gemma (Totten, 1834) in California,
Description: Aim: Historical information about source populations of invasive species is often limited; therefore, genetic analyses are used. We compared inference about source populations from historical and genetic data for the oyster-associated clam, Gemma gemma that invaded California from the USA Atlantic coast. Location: Mid-Atlantic (North Carolina, Maryland), Northeastern (New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts) and the California coasts (Elkhorn Slough, San Francisco Bay, Bolinas Lagoon, Tomales Bay, Bodega Harbor). Methods: The documented history of transplantation of Eastern oysters to California was reviewed. C. ytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences from recent and archived clams were examined in a haplotype network. We used AMOVA to detect geographic genetic structure and a permutation test for significant reductions in diversity. Results: Chesapeake Bay oysters were transplanted to New York prior to shipment to San Francisco Bay and from there to peripheral bays. Gemma in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions were genetically differentiated. In California, populations in Bodega Harbor and Tomales Bay were genetically similar to those in the Mid-Atlantic area while clams in San Francisco Bay, Elkhorn Slough and Bolinas Lagoon resembled populations in the Northeastern region. In California, genetic variation was not highest in San Francisco Bay despite greater magnitude of oyster plantings. Haplotypes varied over time in native and introduced populations. Main Conclusions: Historical records and inferences from genetics agree that both Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions were sources for Gemma in California. Only complex genetic hypotheses reconcile the strong segregation of haplotypes in California to the historical evidence of mixing in their proximate source (New York). These hypotheses include sorting of mixtures of haplotypes or selection in non-native areas. Haplotype turnover in San Francisco and Massachusetts samples over time suggests that the sorting hypothesis is plausible. We suggest, however, that Gemma was introduced independently and recently to Tomales Bay and Bodega Harbor. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Cited By (since 1996):6, CODEN: DIDIF, ,
Author: Hoos, Whitman Miller, Ruiz, Vrijenhoek, Geller
Date: 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Genetic perspectives on marine biological invasions
Description: The extent to which the geographic distributions of marine organisms have been reshaped by human activities remains underappreciated, and so does, consequently, the impact of invasive species on marine ecosystems. The application of molecular genetic data in fields such as population genetics, phylogeography, and evolutionary biology have improved our ability to make inferences regarding invasion histories. Genetic methods have helped to resolve longstanding questions regarding the cryptogenic status of marine species, facilitated recognition of cryptic marine biodiversity, and provided means to determine the sources of introduced marine populations and to begin to recover the patterns of anthropogenic reshuffling of the ocean's biota. These approaches stand to aid materially in the development of effective management strategies and sustainable science-based policies. Continued advancements in the statistical analysis of genetic data promise to overcome some existing limitations of current approaches. Still other limitations will be best addressed by concerted collaborative and multidisciplinary efforts that recognize the important synergy between understanding the extent of biological invasions and coming to a more complete picture of both modern-day and historical marine biogeography. © 2010 by Annual Reviews., Cited By (since 1996):50
Author: Geller, Darling, Carlton
Date: 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Transoceanic dispersal of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis on Japanese tsunami marine debris: An approach for evaluating rafting of a coastal species at sea
Description: Biofouled debris from the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami has landed in the Northeast Pacific and along the Hawaiian Islands since 2012. As of 2017,> 630 biofouled debris items with> 320 living species of algae, invertebrates, and fish have been examined. The invasive mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was present on> 50% of those items. Size, reproduction, and growth of this filter-feeding species were examined to better understand long-distance rafting of a coastal species. The majority of mussels (79%) had developing or mature gametes, and growth rates averaged 0.075 ± 0.018 SE mm/day. Structural and elemental (barium/calcium) analysis of mussel shells generated estimates of growth in coastal waters (mean = 1.3 to 25 mm total length), which provides an indication of residence times in waters along North America and the Hawaiian Islands prior to landing. Detailed studies of individual species contribute to our understanding of debris as a transport vector and aid efforts to evaluate potential risks associated with marine debris., Article in Press
Author: Miller, Carlton, Chapman, Geller, Ruiz

Title: A non-native bryozoan creates novel substrate on the mudflats in San Francisco Bay,
Description: A non-native bryozoan, Schizoporella errata, forms extensive patches of free-living balls and reef-like structures (bryoliths) on the mudflats in south San Francisco Bay, California. The ball-like bryoliths range from 2 to 20 cm in diameter, and the reef-like structures can be nearly 1 m across. While S. errata is known to form bryoliths in other locations, free-living aggregations like these have not been reported. Colony morphology appears to be a plastic trait as analysis of relationships among forms using cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) nucleotide sequence data revealed no genetic separation. We recorded >50 species of algae and invertebrates living on and in the bryoliths and determined the invasion status for 34 of the 50 species. Of the 34, 25 (74%) were non-natives and included fouling species that require hard substrate. The bryoliths may thus facilitate colonization by invaders on the mudflats and serve as stepping stones between the limited hard substrate habitats in the Bay. © Inter-Research 2010, www.int-res.com., Cited By (since 1996):3, CODEN: MESED, , , Invertebrates
Author: Zabin, Obernolte, Mackie, Gentry, Harris, Geller
Date: 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Larval settlement can explain the adult distribution of Mytilus californianus Conrad but not of M. galloprovincialis Lamarck or M. trossulus Gould in Moss Landing, central California,
Description: We investigated the spatial distribution of adult and newly settled mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, Mytilus trossulus Gould and Mytilus californianus Conrad) on the shore at Moss Landing, California to test the hypothesis that adult distributions are a result of settlement patterns. Adult M. californianus were most abundant on a wave-exposed rocky jetty and adults of Blue mussels (M. trossulus and M. galloprovincialis) were more abundant inside the protected Moss Landing harbor. Using taxon-specific polymerase chain reactions, we monitored recruitment during continuous 1-2 week intervals on fibrous scrubbing pads for 12 months in 2002-2003. All mussel species settled in greatest numbers on the exposed jetty, and Blue mussels settled in greater numbers there than did M. californianus. Because Blue mussels settled abundantly where their adults were rare, post-settlement mortality appeared to be the strongest influence on adult distribution. In contrast, M. californianus settled mostly in their adult habitat., Cited By (since 1996):13, CODEN: JEMBA, ,
Author: Johnson, Geller
Date: 2006-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Partial Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Two Abyssal Sponges (Porifera Hexactinellida), Bathydorus laniger and Docosaccus maculatus
Description: We announce the nearly complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two hexactinellid sponges, Bathydorus laniger and Docosaccus maculatus. A contiguous region of over 15,000 bp was sequenced from each genome. An uncommon structural element was identified as a series of repetitive elements with sequences matching cob in the genome of D. maculatus.
Author: Kahn, Geller

Title: Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Japanese tsunami marine debris washing ashore in the northwestern United States
Description: Fourteen species of hydroids, including two anthoathecates and 12 leptothecates, are reported from the west coast of North America on debris from the tsunami that struck Japan on 11 March 2011. Six species were found on a dock that stranded at Agate Beach, Newport, Oregon, five from a boat at Gleneden Beach, Oregon, four from a dock in Olympic National Park, Washington, and two from a boat in Grays Harbor, Washington. Obelia griffini Calkins, 1899, the most frequently encountered species, was collected on three of the four derelict substrates. Eight of the species are known to be amphi-Pacific in distribution. Of the rest, at least five (S tylactaria s p . ; Eutima japonica Uchida, 1925; Orthopyxis platycarpa Bale, 1914; Sertularella sp.; Plumularia sp.) are not previously known from the west coast of North America. Hydroids of E. japonica occurred as commensals in the mantle cavity of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819. Obelia griffini, O. gracilis Calkins, 1899 (not its secondary homonym Laomedea gracilis Dana, 1846) and O. surcularis Calkins, 1899 are taken to be conspecific. Of the three simultaneous synonyms, precedence is assigned to the name O. griffini under the Principle of the First Reviser in zoological nomenclature. The species is sometimes regarded as identical with O. dichotoma (Linnaeus, 1758).
Author: Calder, Choong, Carlton, Chapman, Miller, Geller
Date: 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Experimental parameters affecting quantitative PCR of Artemia franciscana: A model for a marine zooplanktonic target in natural plankton samples,
Description: The brine shrimp Artemia franciscana was used as a model zooplankter to explore the range and accuracy of quantitative PCR (QPCR) in detecting a target species in plankton community DNA. Specific primers were designed in the 18S ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I genes and analyzed by TaqMan and SYBR Green I reporting systems. Assays were sensitive in detecting A. franciscana nauplii in DNA extractions from bulk plankton: a single nauplius was detected when added to 20 mg wet, packed plankton and distinguished from two added nauplii. Indeed, Artemia DNA diluted to 0.1 picograms per reaction (equivalent to 10-5 nauplii) was detectable. Artemia franciscana was detected without coamplification of other plankton, alleviating concern for errors caused by the presence of similar organisms in the plankton community. A natural plankton DNA sample and purified herring sperm DNA inhibited PCR above 100 ng reaction-1, but these samples could be diluted to eliminate inhibition. Because QPCR could detect 10-5 nauplii, dilution solves inhibition without sacrificing sensitivity. This sensitivity allows for analysis of a mass of plankton made large enough sufficient to include a target organism at low density. The newly hatched nauplius (DNA mass = 6. 1 ng) is a useful internal control in experiments examining plankton samples, providing a means of controlling for variations in DNA extraction and amplification efficiency in surveys for species of interest. © 2010, by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography., Cited By (since 1996):1, ,
Author: Mackie, Geller
Date: 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Fine scale endemism on coral reefs: Archipelagic differentiation in turbinid gastropods,
Description: The perceived wide geographic range of organisms in the sea, facilitated by ready dispersal of waterborne dispersal stages, is a challenge for hypotheses of marine speciation but a boon to efforts of marine conservation. Wide species ranges are especially striking in the reef-rich Indo-west Pacific, the largest and most diverse marine biogeographic region, extending across half the planet. The insular marine biota of the tropical Pacific is characterized by wide-ranging species and provides the most striking examples of long distance dispersal, with endemism largely confined to the most remote island groups. Here we show that the gastropod Astralium "rhodostomum" has developed endemic clades on almost every Pacific archipelago sampled, a pattern unprecedented in marine biogeography, and reminiscent of the terrestrial biota of oceanic islands. Mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate that this species-complex is comprised of at least 30 geographically isolated clades, separated by as little as 180 km. Evidence suggests that such fine scale endemism and high diversity is not exceptional, but likely characterizes a substantial fraction of the reef biota. These results imply that (1) marine speciation can regularly occur over much finer spatial scales than generally accepted, (2) the diversity of coral reefs is even higher than suggested by morphology-based estimates, and (3) conservation efforts need to focus at the archipelagic level in the sea as on land., Cited By (since 1996):110, CODEN: EVOLA, ,
Author: Meyer, Geller, Paulay
Date: 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Species richness and interacting factors control invasibility of a marine community
Description: Anthropogenic vectors have moved marine species around the world leading to increased invasions and expanded species' ranges. The biotic resistance hypothesis of Elton (in The ecology of invasions by animals and plants, 1958) predicts that more diverse communities should have greater resistance to invasions, but experiments have been equivocal. We hypothesized that species richness interacts with other factors to determine experimental outcomes. We manipulated species richness, species composition (native and introduced) and availability of bare space in invertebrate assemblages in a marina in Monterey, CA. Increased species richness significantly interacted with both initial cover of native species and of all organisms to collectively decrease recruitment. Although native species decreased recruitment, introduced species had a similar effect, and we concluded that biotic resistance is conferred by total species richness. We suggest that contradictory conclusions in previous studies about the role of diversity in regulating invasions reflect uncontrolled variables in those experiments that modified the effect of species richness. Our results suggest that patches of low diversity and abundance may facilitate invasions, and that such patches, once colonized by non-indigenous species, can resist both native and non-indigenous species recruitment., Invertebrates, Ecology
Author: Marraffini, Geller
Date: 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Sources of invasions of a northeastern Pacific acorn barnacle, Balanus glandula, in Japan and Argentina,
Description: Within years of its introduction, the North American barnacle Balanus glandula Darwin, 1854 became an abundant member of rocky intertidal communities in Japan and Argentina. To determine the regional sources of these invasions, we compared mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and nuclear elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1) genotypes of native and introduced populations. Previously described population structure at these loci in North America conferred geographic information to genotypes. B. glandula from Argentina and southern to central California shared genotypes not found in other native populations. B. glandula from Japan and the northeastern Pacific (Puget Sound and Alaska) were differentiated from other populations by the presence of a nearly fixed nucleotide in EF1 and contained all 3 major haplotype groups of COI. These patterns indicate that sources of B. glandula in Japan and Argentina are largely from Alaska/Puget Sound and California, respectively. The broad similarity of mean seawater temperatures among introduced and native regions may have facilitated these invasions. The presence of greater variation in air temperatures in the invaded than native regions raises the possibility that temperature-related selection may play an important role in the evolution of these invasive populations. We found no evidence of multiple geographic sources of B. glandula in Japan and Argentina, nor of genetic bottlenecks in either invaded region. © Inter-Research 2008., Cited By (since 1996):9, Invertebrates, CODEN: MESED, , , Downloaded from: http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v358/p211-218/ (16 June 2014).
Author: Geller, Sotka, Kado, Palumbi, Schwindt
Date: 2008-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Genetic diversity in native and introduced populations of the amethyst gem clam Gemma gemma (Totten, 1834) from the U.S. east and west coasts
Description: Reduced genetic diversity due to founder effects often is expected for invasive populations. The present study examined two nuclear gene regions and one mitochondrial gene to evaluate the origins and genetic diversity of Gemma gemma, a ‘stow-away’ that was introduced to California more than 100 years ago with the importation of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, from the United States’ Atlantic coast. A previous investigation involving mitochondrial DNA cytochrome-c-oxidase subunit I sequences reported no significant difference in haplotype diversity between the native and introduced populations; however, estimates of allelic (or haplotypic) variability are insensitive to losses of rare alleles that may accompany founder events and population bottlenecks. Estimates of allele richness and the distribution of rare alleles provide more sensitive indicators of such events. The present investigation of introduced and potential source populations identified lower allele richness and number of singleton alleles in California samples. Atlantic coast Gemma exhibit a sharp phylogeographic transition between northeastern (New York through New England) and mid-Atlantic (southern New Jersey through Virginia) subpopulations, which appear latitudinally inverted for the California Gemma populations. These genetic results, and information from the transportation history of the Eastern oyster, help to clarify processes involved in the introduction of this invasive species. © 2014, The Author(s)., Cited By :1, Export Date: 4 September 2015
Author: Zhang, Geller, Vrijenhoek
Date: 2014-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Clonal diversity in introduced populations of an Asian sea anemone in North America,
Description: Previous reports hypothesized that introduced populations of the Asian sea anemone Diadumene lineata (Verill, 1870) which reproduces by fission, are often monoclonal or to be composed of few clones. To test this hypothesis, sea anemones were collected from thirteen sites in three non-native regions and one native region: Chesapeake Bay, New England, central California, and Japan. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region separating nuclear ribosomal RNA genes was amplified from each individual using PCR and surveyed for DNA sequence variation using single strand conformational polymorphism analysis (SSCP). Fifty-six distinct electrophoretic banding patterns were found in 268 anemones, and each pattern was considered a different genotype. The number of genotypes in a population ranged from one to thirteen. Only one sample (York River, Chesapeake Bay, n = 10) was monoclonal, although six populations were dominated (>50%) by single genotype. Only four genotypes were found in more than one population, and these were confined to single regions. Walker Creek, California was sampled in 1995 and 1997 and no genotypes were found in both years, suggesting rapid shifts in genotype frequency. We conclude that multiple genotypes of D. lineata have invaded North America and that the primary importance of clonal growth for introduced populations is the production of colonizing propagules., Cited By (since 1996):8, Invertebrates, CODEN: BLINF, ,
Author: Ting, Geller
Date: 2000-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: The life cycle of Earleria corachloeae n. sp. (Cnidaria Hydrozoa) with epibiotic hydroids on mid-water shrimp,
Description: A large number of glass shrimp, Pasiphaea pacifica Rathburn 1902, were collected in a Tucker trawl aboard the R/V Point Sur in Monterey Bay, California during November 2006. Upon inspection, the shrimp were found to be harboring several symbionts, including a hydroid colony (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of unknown affinity. Shrimp-bearing hydroids were returned to the laboratory, and the hydroids were removed for culturing. After medusae were liberated and grown to maturity, it was determined that they belonged to the genus Earleria; however, their description did not match those of previously described members of the genus. Hydroid colonies for other species of Earleria are unknown. Earleria corachloeae n. sp. is described herein based on field-collected hydroid colonies, and both laboratory-raised and field-collected medusae. © Springer-Verlag 2009., Cited By (since 1996):2, Invertebrates, CODEN: MBIOA, ,
Author: Widmer, Cailliet, Geller
Date: 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Ecology of cryptic invasions: Latitudinal segregation among Watersipora (Bryozoa) species,
Description: Watersipora is an invasive genus of bryozoans, easily dispersed by fouled vessels. We examined Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I haplotypes from introduced populations on the US Pacific coastline to investigate geographic segregation of species and/or haplotypes. In California, the W. subtorquata group fell into three major sub-groups: W. subtorquata clades A and B, and W. new sp.. W. subtorquata clades A and B were common in southern California south of Point Conception, a recognized biogeographic boundary, whereas further north, W. subtorquata clade A and W. n. sp. were frequent. The southern California region also had colonies of a morphologically distinct species, W. arcuata, also found in southern Australia and Hawaii; COI variation indicates a common ancestral source(s) in these introductions. The distribution of Watersipora-complex lineages on different coastlines is shown to be temperature correlated. Accordingly, pre-exisitng temperature-based adaptations may play a key role in determining invasion patterns. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved., Invertebrates, Art. No.: 871, , , Downloaded from: http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/121128/srep00871/full/srep00871.html (5 June 2014).,
Author: MacKie, Darling, Geller
Date: 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Porifera (Sponges) from Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris arriving in the Hawaiian Islands and on the Pacific coast of North America
Description: Twelve species of sponges (Calcarea and Demospongiae) were found on Japanese Tsunami Marine Debris (JTMD) that washed ashore in Oregon, Washington, and Hawai‘i. All taxa but one determined to species level are amphi-Pacific, with three having type localities in California (Leucosolenia eleanor Urban, 1906, Hymeniacidon sinapium de Laubenfels, 1930, and Mycale macginitei de Laubenfels, 1930). Haliclona xena de Weerdt, 1986, known previously only from western Europe (and where it is regarded as introduced from an unknown region) is here newly reported from the Tohoku coast of Honshu, as is Halisarca “dujardini Johnston, 1842”. Five species (Mycale macginitei, Hymeniacidon sinapium, Ute sp., Haliclona xena and Halisarca “dujardini”) were observed only once. Multiple lines of evidence (including lack of colonization by uniquely Eastern Pacific sponge species, the arrival in Hawai‘i of some of the same species whose only possible origin was Japan, and the low probability of coastal sponge larvae colonizing JTMD in the open ocean) indicate that the sponges on JTMD originate from the Western Pacific. Several species of sponges may have completed multiple generations on these long-distance rafts.
Author: Elvin, Carlton, Geller, Chapman, Miller

Title: The importance of standardization for biodiversity comparisons: A case study using autonomous reef monitoring structures (ARMS) and metabarcoding to measure cryptic diversity on coral reefs
Description: Export Date: 15 May 2017, subtitle needed to be truncated, The advancement of metabarcoding techniques, declining costs of high-Throughput sequencing and development of systematic sampling devices, such as autonomous reef monitoring structures (ARMS), have provided the means to gather a vast amount of diversity data from cryptic marine communities. However, such increased capability could also lead to analytical challenges if the methods used to examine these communities across local and global scales are not standardized. Here we compare and assess the underlying biases of four ARMS field processing methods, preservation media, and current bioinformatic pipelines in evaluating diversity from cytochrome c oxidase I metabarcoding data. Illustrating the ability of ARMS-based metabarcoding to capture a wide spectrum of biodiversity, 3,372 OTUs and twenty-eight phyla, including 17 of 33 marine metazoan phyla, were detected from 3 ARMS (2.607 m2 area) collected on coral reefs in Mo'orea, French Polynesia. Significant differences were found between processing and preservation methods, demonstrating the need to standardize methods for biodiversity comparisons. We recommend the use of a standardized protocol (NOAA method) combined with DMSO preservation of tissues for sessile macroorganisms because it gave a more accurate representation of the underlying communities, is cost effective and removes chemical restrictions associated with sample transportation. We found that sequences identified at 97% similarity increased more than 7-fold (5.1% to 38.6%) using a geographically local barcode inventory, highlighting the importance of local species inventories. Phylogenetic approaches that assign higher taxonomic ranks accrued phylum identification errors (9.7%) due to sparse taxonomic coverage of the understudied cryptic coral reef community in public databases. However, a 85% sequence identity cut-off provided more accurate results (0.7% errors) and enabled phylum level identifications of 86.3% of the sequence reads. With over 1600 ARMS deployed, standardizing methods and improving databases are imperative to provide unprecedented global baseline assessments of understudied cryptic marine species in a rapidly changing world., published
Author: Ransome, Geller, Timmers, Leray, Mahardini, Sembiring, Collins, Meyer

Title: Fission in sea anemones: Integrative studies of life cycle evolution,
Description: Sea anemones (Phylum Cnidaria; Class Anthozoa, Order Actiniaria) exhibit a diversity of developmental patterns that include cloning by fission. Because natural histories of clonal and aclonal sea anemones are quite different, the gain and loss of fission is an important feature of actiniarian lineages. We have used mitochondrial DNA and nuclear intron DNA phylogenies to investigate the evolution of longitudinal fission in sixteen species in the genus Anthopleura, and reconstructed an aclonal ancestor that has given rise at least four times to clonal descendents. For A. elegantissima from the northeastern Pacific Ocean, a transition to clonality by fission was associated with an up-shore habitat shift, supporting prior hypotheses that clonal growth is an adaptation to the upper shore. Fission in Actiniaria likely precedes its advent in Anthopleura, and its repeated loss and gain is perplexing. Field studies of the acontiate sea anemone Aiptasia californica provided insight to the mechanisms that regulate fission: subtidal Aiptasia responded to experimentally destabilized substrata by increasing rates of pedal laceration. We put forth a general hypothesis for actiniarian fission in which sustained tissue stretch (a consequence of substratum instability or intrinsic behavior) induces tissue degradation, which in turn induces regeneration. The gain and loss of fission in Anthopleura lineages may only require the gain and loss of some form of stretching behavior. In this view, tissue stretch initiates a cascade of developmental events without requiring complex gene regulatory linkages., Cited By (since 1996):14, ,
Author: Geller, Fitzgerald, King
Date: 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Disentangling the biogeography of ship biofouling: barnacles in the Northeast Pacific
Description: Aim: The movement of biofouling organisms by ships results in the transfer of marine species across biogeographical boundaries on a global scale. We used barnacles, a relatively well-studied taxon, to investigate the extent to which modern commercial vessels disperse biofouling species beyond their current known ranges. Location: Vessels predominantly operated in the North Pacific; sampling was conducted in Los Angeles (CA), Portland (OR), Ketchikan (AK) and Apra Harbor (GU). Methods: Barnacles were collected from submerged surfaces of commercial vessel hulls and identified to the lowest taxonomic unit using a combination of taxonomic and molecular phylogenetic techniques. Their known native and non-native geographical ranges were assessed and compared with the voyage history of the vessels. Results: Forty distinct taxonomic groups of barnacles (22 assigned to species) were detected from 15 vessels. Six of these recognized species have a worldwide distribution, due to natural and anthropogenic dispersal. Sixteen species were on vessels with voyage routes that extend beyond the barnacles' known distributions, including 12 species sampled outside of their known range. Main conclusions: A diverse suite of barnacle species is in continuous motion globally on commercial vessel hulls, and the potential scale of this transfer is underscored by the documented species richness for ship biofouling and what is known about the global fleet of vessels. We estimate roughly 680,000 separate arrival events per year for barnacle species to US ports distributed on both Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Genetic methods revealed high richness compared with previous studies, and the real rate is likely to be much higher than this because (1) it is likely that not all species on a vessel were sampled and (2) only a subset of sampled barnacles were successfully sequenced. Our limited knowledge about the total species pool in flux on ship hulls around the globe constrains our ability to analyse and interpret processed affecting species distribution patterns in the Anthropocene., Accepted for publication
Author: Ashton, Davidson, Geller, Ruiz
Date: 2016-01-01T00:00:00Z

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