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Bacterial production and the sinking flux of particulate organic matter in the subarctic Pacific
Title
Bacterial production and the sinking flux of particulate organic matter in the subarctic Pacific,
Description
We measured bacterial production and estimated the carbon consumption by bacteria in the mesopelagic zone (80-600 m) in the subarctic Pacific during May and August. Bacterial production was measured by leucine and thymidine incorporation. The two methods gave similar results. Bacterial production in the euphotic zone accounted for about 13% of primary production and in the whole water column for 20% (0-600 m). To bracket bacterial carbon consumption we made a lowest and highest estimate of bacterial production. The lowest estimate assumes zero isotope dilution for converting 14C-leucine incorporation rates into bacterial production and a 50% growth efficiency. In the mesopelagic zone, this estimate implies that bacterial account for 52 and 41% of the POC sinking flux as measured by sediment traps in May and August, respectively. The highest estimate, assuming two-fold isotope dilution of 14C-leucine and a 30% growth efficiency, yields bacterial carbon consumption values of 172 and 137% of the POC downward flux in both months. This indicates that bacteria are important, if not the major consumers of organic matter in the mesopelagic zone of the subarctic Pacific. © 1992., Cited By (since 1996):27, Oceanography, ,
Author
Simon, Welschmeyer, Kirchman
Date
1992-01-01T00:00:00Z
VERTEX lateral transport: The lateral transport of manganese in the northeast Pacific
Title
VERTEX lateral transport: The lateral transport of manganese in the northeast Pacific,
Description
Vertical distributions (0 to 2000 m) of dissolved Mn were measured at 5 stations on a 3200-km east-west (California to Hawaii) transect during the VERTEX (Vertical Transport and Exchange) IV and V cruises. All profiles shared common features: surface maxima, subsurface minima, maxima associated with the oxygen minimum, and relatively low levels at depth. Particulate Mn fluxes, measured at four of the five stations using free-floating particle traps (∼ 100 to 2000 m), indicated that in situ particulate scavenging was not responsible for the formation of the subsurface dissolved Mn minimum nor was in situ particulate Mn regeneration responsible for the dissolved Mn maximum associated with the oxygen minimum. Thus, these dissolved Mn extrema result primarily from lateral advective transport processes. The Mn minimum is associated with the shallow salinity minimum, a water mass that sinks away from the surface in the North Pacific (∼ 47°N), and spreads to the south and east in our study area. Additional evidence of the onshore flow of open-ocean, near-surface water is provided by the high Pb concentrations (∼ 50 pmol kg -1 associated with this feature. Waters in the oxygen minimum/ Mn maximum appear to have northerly and offshore flow in our study area. Box model estimates indicate that offshore lateral advective velocities must approach 0.4 cm s -1 to balance vertical diffusive losses from the oxygen minimum/dissolved Mn maximum. Maintenance of the subsurface Mn minimum requires onshore lateral transport of water with low Mn content at velocities on the order of 0.9 cm s -1 offshore, increasing to 4.4 cm s -1 inshore. These velocities represent maximum estimates since north-south Mn distribution data were not available. © 1985., Cited By (since 1996):23, Oceanography, ,
Author
Martin, Knauer, Broenkow
Date
1985-01-01T00:00:00Z
VERTEX biological implications of total attenuation
Title
VERTEX biological implications of total attenuation,
Description
A 2000 m deep section of total attenuation and chlorophyll and phycoerythrin fluorescence from 26° to 59°N latitude in the northeast Pacific is discussed in terms of inferred biological processes. Photic zone distributions of these quantities vary from nutrient-limited conditions in the subtropics to light-limited conditions in the subarctic. Phycoerythrin-containing organisms, probably Synechococcus, contribute to a strong, near-surface orange fluorescence signal in the Gulf of Alaska. We now recognize that the fluorescence minimum (about 300 m) between the photic zone and the tertiary fluorescence maximum may be related to secondary producers that "repackage" organic matter produced in the photic zone. The tertiary fluorescence maximum (about 1000 m) is a continuous feature of the oxygen minimum zone in the North Pacific. The presence of phycoerythrin in the tertiary maximum is consistent with heterotrophic cyanobacteria and other unidentified microbial assemblages in the oxygen minimum, though there is no strong biological evidence that this is true. © 1992., Cited By (since 1996):2, Oceanography, Source: Scopus, ,
Author
Broenkow, Yuen, Yarbrough
Date
1992-01-01T00:00:00Z
Climate variability and spatiotemporal dynamics of five Southern Ocean krill species
Title
Climate variability and spatiotemporal dynamics of five Southern Ocean krill species
Description
Understanding the ecological response of marine organisms to future climate change will benefit from quantifying spatiotemporal aspects of their distribution and abundance as well as the influence of ocean-atmospheric climate modes on their population cycles. Our study provides a synthesis of 18. years of data (1992-2009) for 5 krill (euphausiid) species monitored near the North Antarctic Peninsula (NAP) during austral summer. Distribution and abundance data are presented for postlarval stages of Euphausia crystallorophias, E. frigida, E. superba, E. triacantha and Thysanoessa macrura and larval E. superba and T. macrura. Intraseasonal, interannual and longer-term distribution and abundance patterns are quantified relative to climate modes driving ecosystem variability off the Antarctic Peninsula: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Annual Mode (SAM) and associated zonal and meridional winds. Interannual abundance variations of all 5 species are significantly correlated with seasonally averaged ENSO indices and, with the exception of E. triacantha, elevated population sizes are associated with the higher productivity La Niña phase. Time-lagged responses of each species to ENSO indices approximate their generation times and suggest evolution of their life histories and reproductive efforts in accordance with the ENSO cycle. Postlarval E. crystallorophias and E. frigida and larval T. macrura demonstrate significant abundance increases after 1998 associated with a shift from an El Niño dominated period to predominantly La Niña and "Nino-neutral" conditions. Seasonal changes in species distributions and co-occurrence indicate portions of the southernmost E. frigida, E. triacantha and T. macrura populations move poleward with E. superba during late-summer, suggesting that environmental conditions associated with sea ice development (e.g., food, retention) may be more favorable than within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current during low productivity seasons. Spatial distributions of larval and postlarval T. macrura suggest 2 separate spawning populations within oceanic and coastal waters. Lastly, mean euphausiid species concentrations and abundance relationships encountered during 1992-2009 are remarkably similar to those reported for the Antarctic Peninsula during the 1928-1935 Discovery Investigations. Circumpolar observations of E. superba "superswarms" associated with a major climatically related ecosystem change in the late 1970s may have represented an episodic period of anomalous peak abundance. 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Author
Loeb, Santora
Date
2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
Alongcoast structure and interannual variability of seasonal midshelf water properties and velocity in the Northern California Current System
Title
Alongcoast structure and interannual variability of seasonal midshelf water properties and velocity in the Northern California Current System
Description
Moored sensors were maintained for ∼5 years on the northern California Current System (CCS) midshelf. The alongcoast sensor array spanned the area of influence of the plume from the Columbia River, several submarine canyons, as well as a coastal promontory where the equatorward coastal jet frequently separates from the shelf. Upwelling-favorable wind stress magnitude decreases poleward by more than a factor of three over the latitudinal range and shelf width varies by a factor of two. In spite of the alongcoast structure in setting, both seasonal and interannual patterns in subsurface layer water properties were remarkably similar at all sites. Higher in the water column, freshwater forcing was substantial. Because of the near surface freshwater input, seasonal sea surface and subsurface temperatures were almost perfectly out of phase in the northernmost CCS, with a mid water column inversion in winter. Year to year differences in subsurface layer wintertime water properties were similar to spatial and temporal patterns of wind stress variability: little alongcoast structure except in salinity, but pronounced interannual differences strongly related to local wind stress. Summertime wind and subsurface property patterns were the opposite of those in winter: pronounced alongcoast wind stress structure, but little or no alongcoast or interannual variability in water properties, and only a weak relationship to local wind stress. Summertime interannual water property variability, including source waters, was shown to be more consistent with “remote forcing” via larger scale wind stress rather than with local wind stress, particularly in the northernmost CCS. © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved., Article, References: Allen, J.S., Newberger, P.A., Federiuk, J., Upwelling circulation on the Oregon continental shelf. Part I. Response to idealized forcing (1995) J. Phys. 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Author
Hickey, Geier, Kachel, Ramp, Kosro, Connolly
Etmopterus samadiae n. sp., a new lanternshark (Squaliformes
Title
Etmopterus samadiae n. sp., a new lanternshark (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae) from Papua New Guinea
Description
A new species of lanternshark, Etmopterus samadiae (Squaliformes: Etmopteridae), is described from off northern Papua New Guinea, in the western Central Pacific Ocean. The new species resembles other members of the "Etmopterus lucifer" clade in having linear rows of dermal denticles and most closely resembles E. brachyurus from the western North Pacific. The new species occurs along insular slopes between 340 and 785 m depth. The new species can be distinguished from other members of the E. lucifer clade by a combination of characteristics, including length of anterior flank branch markings being slightly shorter than its posterior branch, a longer caudal base marking, and irregular and variable number of black, horizontal, dash-like marks on sides of body. Molecular analysis based on the NADH2 marker further supports the distinction of E. samadiae from other members of the E. lucifer clade. © 2017 Magnolia Press., Export Date: 12 April 2017, Article, Correspondence Address: White, W.T.; CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Australia; email: william.white@csiro.au, Funding details: ACIAR, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Funding details: NSF, National Science Foundation, Funding text: The senior author was supported by a project on the shark and ray resources of Papua New Guinea funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR; project FIS/2012/102), CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, and the National Fisheries Authority (NFA). 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Author
White, Ebert, Mana, Corrigan
Date
2017-01-01T00:00:00Z